Falstaff :: essays research papers

Sentimentalism, as expressed in the American Heritage Electronic Dictionary is, "An creative and scholarly development beginning in Europe in the late eighteenth century and described by an uplifted enthusiasm for nature, accentuation on the person's appearance of feeling and creative mind, takeoff from the mentalities and types of elegance, and resistance to set up social standards and conventions." Falstaff is the perfect sentimental character. In an article composed by Harry T. Bread cook named, "The Two Falstaffs" Baker composes against all the pundits who guarantee that the Falstaff from Henry IV parts I and II is an alternate character then the Falstaff in The Merry Wives of Windsor. He accepts that, "although, as the pundits proclaim, Falstaff isn't himself, this is expected to the [change in] circumstance, not to the irregularity of character portrayal." In Henry IV parts I and II we consider Falstaff to be the sentimental character that is expressed in the definition above, resisting everything that the Classical character, Prince Hal, represents and accepts.. He will not pay attention to life. He accepts that "War is as a very remarkable joke to him as a drinking session at the Boar's Head." He utilizes individuals exclusively for his own motivations, either for cash or for food and drink. He is inconsiderate and rough to each one of everyone around him and is probably the best liar who constantly gets trapped in his untruths however makes new ones to cover for the old bombed ones. However Baker expresses that, "His common sense and speed of answer are consistently amazing; his impudence is practically heavenly. However the man in this way degenerate, subsequently terrible, makes himself important to the sovereign that disdains him, by the most satisfying everything being equal, ceaseless exhilaration. Fa lstaff makes around his substantial mass a kind of Utopia which liberates us incidentally from the concerns and inconveniences of the real world. What does it make a difference that Falstaff criticizes gallantry, respect, truth-telling, and courage in fight? He isn't to be taken seriously...he is a completely funny character." Toward the finish of Henry IV part II we can perceive what befalls Falstaff when he is encircled by the real world, he is found napping and is strange. Pastry specialist expresses that when Falstaff is ensnare with the real factors of life "he can't shine." We see this first at the crowning ordinance of Hal, when his companion in fiendishness, when Falstaff is told, obtusely by Hal that " I know thee not, elderly person.

Business Intelligence and Decision Making

Presentation Business Intelligence (BI) is an umbrella term utilized for different systems that give answers for different business issues (Whitehorn 1999, p. 11). As indicated by Marr (2012, p. 1), the term Business Intelligence allude to devices that are used to help the dynamic procedure in organizations.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Business Intelligence and Decision Making explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Typically, the utilization of BI devices rearranges the dynamic procedure and enormously improves execution as the dynamic procedure is speeded up and business concerns are tended to a lot quicker. Despite the fact that the term Business Intelligence is as often as possible used to signify application programming used to break down a business enterprise’s information, it is fairly detailed (Marr 2012, p. 1). This paper presents a conversation on two Business Intelligence apparatuses. One is by International Business Machines ( IBM) while the other one is a result of SAS. As can be seen from figure 1, Business Intelligence incorporates various segments. Figure 1: Components of Business Intelligence From the figure, it very well may be seen that a BI device must have the option to help information get-together, examination, and capacity. Likewise, the BI device must give access to business information. With the assistance of Business Intelligence devices, business undertakings can take care of an entire scope of issues that harass the individuals who use information inside an association. IBM’s Business Intelligence Software One of the most remarkable Business Intelligence instruments offered by IBM is Visual Warehouse. In addition to other things, this BI instrument causes it feasible for clients to make, to oversee, and mechanize an information product house. An information product house is a disconnected duplicate of an operational database, typically hung on an absolutely independent machine.Adve rtising Looking for article on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Off line for this situation suggests that individuals are done adding to, and changing the information. To a huge degree, the device disentangles crafted by managing complex questions that require a huge extent of the records. It is additionally conceivable to redo information so as to address explicit issues. Another significant preferred position of Visual Warehouse has to do with the way that it can empower a business undertaking to improve the structure of its database to suit its redid business necessities. Regardless of the way that the improvement exercise can take an assortment of structures, it should include lessening the detail in the put away information. For instance, as opposed to putting away all the subtleties of each deal made in the course of the most recent five years, a business endeavor may decide to store just th e week after week aggregates for every item. Another key component of the Visual Warehouse is that it doesn't confine the client to a solitary wellspring of information. It encourages the utilization of information from divergent databases. Visual Warehouse gives the client all the apparatuses required to set up and keep up the information stockroom. Further more, it gives a wide range of extra highlights that make robotizing and controlling the information distribution center simpler. Utilizing SAS Strategically According to Aanderud and Hall (2012, p. 3), SAS Business Intelligence arrangement causes it workable for clients to control and break down information in an improved way. Utilizing the apparatuses accessible through SAS, clients can get to any sort of data for practically any business needs without experiencing so much difficulty. The intensity of SAS Business Intelligence is in diminishing the information gatekeeper’s job in the business so every individual can uni nhibitedly collaborate with scientific outcomes. Conventionally, SAS Business Intelligence makes it workable for business endeavors to address issues at various degrees of the association. Basically, there are three general gatherings of SAS Business Intelligence customers. One gathering incorporates the apparatuses required to make reports. The subsequent gathering permits clients to see the reports, and the last gathering offers the capacity to address information the board and organization needs. Regularly, associations award every client network access to one of these gatherings. SAS announcing devices incorporate SAS Enterprise Guide, Add-in for Microsoft, Web Report Studio, and SAS Stored Processes. Survey instruments are SAS Business Intelligence Dash Board, and Information Delivery Portal. At long last, SAS organization devices incorporate SAS Information Map Studio, OLAP Cube Studio, and SAS Management Console.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Business Intelligence and Decision Making explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Similarities and Differences among IBM and SAS Business Intelligence Solutions As can be concluded from the previous conversation, both the IBM and SAS Business Intelligence arrangements have an assortment of advantages to offer to business ventures. Both have the capacity to improve the mind boggling procedure of information the board and examination. With the assistance of these Business Intelligence arrangements, in this way, business endeavors have an extraordinary chance to improve productivity and general business execution (Shmueli et al. 2011). Be that as it may, every one of these Business Intelligence arrangements has various distinctive qualities. One of the delights of IBM’s Business Intelligence programming is that it is entirely versatile and profoundly adaptable. One element that assists with giving this versatility is that the different segments making up Visual Warehouse can be introduced in a huge number of better places. One can, for instance, Visual distribution center itself on one machine, the real information contained in the information stockroom on another and the person in question can sit at yet a third machine driving the entire framework over a system. The degree of flexibility related with Visual Warehouse ensures clients with an entirely adaptable arrangement. Despite the fact that SAS is basically mind boggling, business clients of SAS Business Intelligence, just require a fundamental comprehension of the system’s design to work. When contrasted with IBM’s Business Intelligence programming, SAS has all the earmarks of being increasingly predominant and offers an incredible number of highlights that make information the executives and control very straightforward. Decision Clearly, various advantages can be acknowledged by joining Business Intelligence arrangements inside a business enterprise’s tasks. Among differ ent advantages, there is improved exchange proficiency, capacity to incorporate inside activities so as to have a consistent activity, back office process computerization, exchange status perceivability, and diminished data sharing expenses. The essential inspiration for the obtaining of a Business Intelligence arrangement is better power over progressively proficient everyday business tasks (Williams 2007). As has been examined in this paper, Business Intelligence arrangements give a business endeavor a chance to improve business activities and offer fantastic administrations to customers (Rud 2009, p. 24). Notwithstanding, note that business estimation of any Business Intelligence arrangement lies in its utilization inside administration forms that influence operational procedures that drive income or decrease costs.Advertising Searching for article on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More It is likewise advantageous taking note of that the advantages that gather from the utilization of Business Intelligence arrangements are straightforwardly connected to the manner in which such arrangement s are lined up with a business enterprise’s tasks. Without appropriately adjusting Business Intelligence answers for business activities, the advantages of utilizing BI arrangements might be exceeded by the downsides. Reference List Aanderud, T Hall, A 2012, Building Business Intelligence Using SAS: Content Development Examples, SAS Institute, Cary, NC. Marr, B 2012, What is Business Intelligence (BI)?, https://www.bernardmarr.com/default.asp. Rud, OP 2009, Business Intelligence Success Factors: Tools for Aligning Your Business in the Global Economy, John Wiley Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey. Shmueli, G, Patel, NR, Bruce, PC 2011, Data Mining for Business Intelligence: Concepts, Techniques, and Applications in Microsoft Office Excel with XLMiner, John Wiley Sons, Hoboken, New Jer sey. Whitehorn, M 1999, Business Intelligence: The IBM Solution, Springer, Bromyard, UK. Williams, S, Williams, N 2007, The Profit Impact of Business Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, Oxford, UK. This paper on Business Intelligence and Decision Making was composed and put together by client Cuthbert to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it appropriately. You can give your paper here.

How to Write Essays Online

How to Write Essays OnlineAre you an English major and you want to write essays online? Writing essays is a skill that can be mastered. You can focus your concentration on each section of the essay without worrying about the next.Of course, you must know what the focus of the essay is. This is important because if you are not clear with the topic of the essay, you will find it difficult to write. Sometimes, you will write the essay very well while the next time, you will find it difficult to produce good articles. It all depends on how clear you are with the topic of the essay.In addition, you need to learn the art of writing essays. If you know how to write an essay, then you have no excuse to delay in getting to work. Do not expect yourself to finish an essay within a day. However, do not worry about that because you will soon get to enjoy the satisfaction of writing an excellent essay.The first thing that you need to do is to look for your sources on the Internet. There are search engines available that can help you get to where you need to go. You can simply type in the subject of the essay and you will be able to find what you are looking for.However, you can also try to write your own essay. Writing your own essay is a great way to be free of writing without having to rely on a professional writer. You can write your own essay and then be confident that it has a thorough outline that is ready to be printed.Once you have finished with the outline, you can start writing the perfect essay. While you write your essay, you can also look for appropriate grammar rules.While writing your essay, you will want to be sure that you are following a systematic approach. Do not simply put some keywords in the paragraphs. These are simple and easy to overlook, so if you want to be able to enjoy your essay, then you must pay attention to the sequence in which you are writing.You can be confident that once you are finished with the essay, it will be published. Your efforts will soon reap rewards. You can also sell the essay to a school or a professor that will be glad to read it and see that you have learned something from your essays.

The Issue Of Gun Control Laws Essay - 1578 Words

GUN CONTROL LAWS There is a need in this country for gun control laws as well as benefits for the citizenry who own them. With the current state of our society these days, owning a gun has become a necessity for some, if not all, household. I, myself, conform for every household having a gun. Although we have our police force always ready to rescue anyone in distress, every second matters when we are facing face to face with danger. Granted that the authorities are already underway, having something on hand to defend one’s self is the most important thing for the time being. Though I believe that everybody needs to be educated on how to protect our own safety in a close contact combat, it is as important as being knowledgeable in handling and using guns for short-range/long-range threats. Ideally, having knowledge of both is of greater advantage. However, if one can’t have both, owning a gun can always come in handy. But, should we regulate or ban the use of weapons? My standpoint is No . With this in mind, it is necessary to be informed of the responsibilities, advantages and disadvantages of owning a gun. Additionally, we will tackle the National Firearms Act of 1934, which addresses taxing the firearms that only covers two types of handguns. Even more, the Gun Control Act of 1968, the legislation that was passed to regulate interstate and foreign commerce in firearms which includes the importation, prohibited persons and licensing provisions. As well as the Brady Law,Show MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Gun Control Laws861 Words   |  4 Pagesgovernment has the responsibility to protect people. Currently, the gun violence has threatened the American public safety, people used gun to kill many people for their own interests. The United States constitution believes Americans have their own gun to protect themselves. Some people said guns will protect their life easily. Whether, America should have strict gun control laws or not bring about the debate in society. Gun issue is not only a big problem from United States, it’s also a big problemRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control Laws1407 Words   |  6 Pagesits path. There is no exact definition of mass shootings, but most sources believe it is when four or more people are shot in one location. Citizens in America are easily able to obtain a gun and the growing issue is whether this should change and stronger laws in place. Although citizens believe gun control laws take away second amendment and right to protect themselves, mass shootings are increasing yearly and action needs to happen to prevent the next attack. America’s at a high withRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control Laws1701 Words   |  7 PagesA gun has the capacity to convert a conflict into a serious crime. The power of a gun is vast. But it the power of the gun is appreciated in right hands. The effects of a gun can be cherished when it is used by right hands and with the right intention. The effects of the gun are condemned when it reaches in wrong hands. A gun can protect as well as end someone’s life. When it ends the life of a criminal, it is a sign of bravery but when it takes the lives of innocent people it is condemned. ThereforeRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control Laws1410 Words   |  6 Pagesto have and remain fight prepared. Regardless, this has remained a basic issue since decades. There have been a lot of senseless murders and killings around the United States. With better gun control laws in effect these killings and murders would not have been possible. The government, the states, and the peopl e all need to work together to come to a solution to prevent things like this in the future. Better gun control laws would mean less killings and murders happening around the world. Think ofRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control Laws1536 Words   |  7 Pagesright to bear arms. This Amendment, when written had no limitations or constraints, however there seems to be more laws than ever trying to govern or ban the carrying and even ownership of firearms as a whole. Many say that the reasons for the attempt of gun control laws are due to the safety of the public nevertheless if you look at the statistics themselves it shows that armed law bidding citizens stop more violent crime involving and not involving firearms if armed than the police department,Read MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control Laws852 Words   |  4 PagesIn about every nation, gun control has always been an issue of controversy. Gun control laws are quite different from country to country, each possessing different requirements, specifications, and ordinances, so on and so on. What will be examined are the specified gun control laws in three international countries, ranging from Canada, Australia, and Japan, as well as a comparison and contrast of the the similarities and unique differences toward American gun control laws and those in other countriesRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control Laws2761 Words   |  12 PagesOne of the most debated topics in the U.S. is about gun control laws. Constant dispute between citizens and the government shows that there are two sides; for or against control. Arguments, whether oral or written, point out various ways how it can either help or hurt our society here in the United States of America. Most people however agree by reinforcing these laws violates the citizen’s 2nd Amendment rights which states, â€Å"A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free StateRead MoreEssay about The Issue of Stricter Gun Control Laws1861 Words   |  8 PagesT he issue of stricter gun control laws is an on-going battle that continues to be debated at both the local and federal levels. Regardless of one’s viewpoint on the matter, this subject makes for a very passionate debate on both sides. At question is whether or not stricter laws and regulations help reduce the number of gun-related crimes. Obviously, the answers vary greatly depending on the strongly held viewpoint of the responders. Often, horrible gun-related crimes are committed by peopleRead Moregun control research essay1222 Words   |  5 Pagesarticle that studied gun control. â€Å"Stricter state gun laws associated with fewer gun deaths, study finds.† The article discussed gun control laws in states with stricter laws tend to have lower rates of gun related homicides, and a suicide (ProCon para. 1) Gun control in the United States is becoming a wide spread issue and is becoming a problem everywhere. Although I am living in a city with uprising crime that has been skyrocketing over the years, I wasn’t aware of this being an issue all over the UnitedRead MoreGun Control1724 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish 1302 5th march 2013 Sides of Crime Control Gun control laws have been surrounded by controversy since The Bill of Rights, including the Second amendment was passed in the congress. A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed, the founders wrote. Until recently there was considerable argument over just what the founders intended by their words. Did they mean to provide only for armed

Mobile Gambling Is A Multi Billion Dollar Business

Introduction Mobile gambling is a multi-billion dollar business. Companies world-wide are competing for customers’ dollars, from large established casinos to smaller upstarts. Many people are now finding it more convenient to wager via online casinos, instead of stepping inside a casino or other physical gaming location. Mobile devices have further simplified the process for these gamblers and gaming â€Å"apps† now act as a catalyst for betting online. According to BlackJack Champ, an online guide to mobile casinos, â€Å"The latest trends show about half of the world’s population engages in some form of gambling every year, and smartphones have literally brought mobile casino games to our fingertips, making gambling more accessible than ever†¦show more content†¦Industry Structure There are 1,511 casinos in the United States, generating annual revenue of over $65 billion (Statista). Casino gambling is legal statewide throughout Nevada and Louisiana, with 50% of the US casino hotels operating in Nevada alone. In the other 20 states where casinos are legal, they are restricted to certain areas, such as American Indian Reservations (Alvarez 19). There are several different kinds of casinos, including Las Vegas-style, dockside (built on barges), riverboats, card rooms, and racetrack casinos (Vault). The two largest gaming companies, in terms of market share, are Caesars Entertainment Corporation (13.6%) and MGM Resorts International (11.2%). Caesars owns 49 casinos in eight states and employs 70,000 workers. MGM owns 15 casinos in four states and Macau, China and employs about 61,000 people (Alvarez 25). As previously mentioned, 20 other states allow some form of casino gambling. This includes states that surround former strongholds, like Atlantic City, New Jersey. However, recent state legislation allowing casino gambling in surrounding states such as Pennsylvania, have caused revenue to drop by almost half in Atlantic City, causing many casino properties to close (Alvarez 19). Competitive Strategy Competitive strategy is an organization’s long-term plan used to remain competitive in the

Genetically Modified Foods And The United States - 1087 Words

More than sixty countries have a ban, labeling, or restrictions of some sort on genetically modified foods (). The United States is not amongst them. Originally GMOs were introduced to create better yields, tolerate droughts and increase nutrition (). Today GMOs have excided beyond the standards of the past. 80% of the foods sold in the U.S. today are genetically modified. This group of foods include alfalfa, corn, canola, cotton, sugar beets, soybeans, tomatoes, squash, potatoes, oil, golden rice, salmon and many more(). While the production of GMO foods have increased the FDA refuse to regulate it because in 1993 the FDA declared GMOs as â€Å"not inherently dangerous† so they therefore do not need special regulations (). Unlike the United†¦show more content†¦Once the USDA is done with this process it is then shipped to the FDA who do not require companies for consultations, including the effects of the products on people (). Companies who create GMOs feel no pressure to consult the FDA because they are not required to do so. GMO regulation should be taking away from the FDA because the FDA do not address the health concerns of GMO’s, they have done no labeling whatsoever on GMO foods, and GMOs are doing the opposite of what was originally claimed. Instead of decreasing the use of herbicides it has Many health concerns accompany the production of GM foods. Genetic engineering can transfer allergens from foods people are allergic to, to foods they believe to be safe (). A case study by the New England Journal of Medicine demonstrates that when a Brazilian nut was engineered into soybeans people who were allergic to nuts had severe allergy reactions to the product (). If GMO labeling and regulations are not taken seriously people with food allergies have no way of eluding possibly harmful health consequences caused by consumption of GM foods containing concealed allergenic material (). GMOs could also be creating thousands of different

Role of Communication in Conflict Resolution †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Role of Communication in Conflict Resolution. Answer: Introduction As a social being, man has to constantly interact with other human beings in social and commercial settings. Their interactions are not always continued in a smooth manner due to clashes and disagreements as views may be different and opinions may vary. These differences may vary from simple issues to complex matter and are known as conflict range. Not only conflict is a pervasive part of human life but also is a much maligned word. The overtone of the word is negative which makes people shy away from it. How conflict is managed by people is influenced by different factors. The nature of the conflict, the culture of the parties and the personality of those who enter the conflict are used to derive the conflict management approaches[1]. Just as various reasons exits in relation to the creation of conflict, there are a few methods which can be deployed with respect to managing the conflict. However while selecting one of the methods of conflict resolution one must be care to whether such method can effectively manage the dispute[2]. This paper discusses the principles of conflict creation through academic literatures in relation to the conflict which has been caused between Sammy and Ben. In addition the paper also discusses two methods of conflict resolution which are appropriate for addressing the dispute between Sammy and Ben. Conflicts have been defined by authors like Rapoport as debates, games and fights. Another definition of conflict is that it is an escalated competition taken place between two or more parties where each of the parties aims to achieve an advantage. This advantage can be in relation to resources interest, fulfillment of needs and power over the other party. As defined by Ronald (2016) the incompatibility of values and goals between two or more parties arising out of a relationship along with the having antagonistic feeling towards the other and attempting to gain control over the other result in conflict[3]. Conflict can take place whenever a failure of collaboration, community, connection, inability of understanding necessary interconnectedness arises as well as the characteristics of human nature. Most living organism behave in a ugly manner when they are in the position of conflict and humans are no different which makes them hide their interconnectedness and essential beauty. The conflict tends to be over when such qualities are noticed by them. Conflict may also result out form the inability of a person to learn from their past failure and to recognize the mistakes as an opportunity for improved understanding and growth. As defined by Autesserre conflict can be seen as a disagreement a view or perceived or real incompatibility of interest a set of behavior or inconsistent world views[4]. The position of conflict may be real but may also be a result of the perception of the parties involved in it. Therefore it can be stated that conflict take place between emotional, behavioral and cognitive dimensions. There are various sources of conflicts such as economic conflict, value conflict, power conflict, miscommunication and misperception conflict, emotional conflict, structural conflict Multipart conflict, intergroup conflict, role conflict and international conflict[5]. An economical conflict takes place when there is a competition between the parties for scarce resources. All the parties to the dispute strive towards fulfilling their needs. These parties put all their feelings and emotions in one direction so that they are not outsmarted by the other parties. Therefore it can be provided that a buyer would want to purchase an item for the lowest possible price whereas the seller would want to maximize its values. In the given situation it has been provided that Sammy wants to get his car repaired but in not willing to invest much money as the as the car has become old. He seeks to achieve the maximum benefit at the lowest possible cost and thus approaches Ben who promises to repair the car at a lower cost. However frustration (which is a cause of conflict) builds upon Sammy as the car is not being repaired in the provided time and the deadline is being extended again and again. It may have been common for Ben as per the values of mechanics to exten d the deadline. However the same values are not possessed by Sammy as where there is a difference in value there arises a conflict. The scenario further provides that a hefty bill has been sent by Ben to Sammy in relation to the car. This bill was not sent in order to charge for a repaired car but for the time given by Ben towards the car and the cost of replacing the car. According to the economic theory of conflict Ben is also seeking profit maximization as where the car has not been repaired still he has sent a bill to Sammy. This situation is bound to create a conflict where the needs of both the parties are different. According to Douglas emotions are those catalysts which escalate and fuel conflicts[6]. They add on to strength, courage, perseverance and energy which support people to continue with the conflict. They act as a powerhouse for the parties to the dispute. Applying the theory to the given situation it can be stated that Sammy is emotionally attached to his car and therefore he wants to keep the car as long as he can with him. On the other had the Ben is also emotional for the hard work and time he has put into for repairing Sammys car. The emotions of both these parties have significant energy to fuel the conflict between both the parties as both of them have justified grounds according to themselves. In addition according to the theory of structural conflict, a conflict can also result out of the way in which interaction between the parties take place. The resources which are available, time constraints, decisions making problems physical settings and communication procedures are a fe w elements which comprises the structure. in the givens situation if Ben would have informed Sammy that the car may not be repaired or Sammy would have verified the progress of the car in the initial stages and there was clear communication than the dispute would not have been caused. Methods of dispute resolution There are various methods of dispute resolution such as litigation, Arbitration, Negotiation, conciliation and mediation. Each method comes with its own advantages and disadvantages. Therefore the nature of the dispute has to be analyzed in the light of the features of these resolution systems so than an appropriate method of dispute resolution can be selected[7]. For the purpose the dispute between Sammy and Ben the paper analyzes two dispute resolution methods namely Negotiation and Mediation. Negotiation is the most common form of conflict resolution process or decision joint making. Negotiation permeates most areas of life such as public, private official, domestic, commercial and non official. The parties engage in the process of negotiation irrespective of the position they hold in the society. The most common form of negotiation takes place in bilateral exchanges where information is communicated to both the parties, an understanding is reached and outcome is achieved. To make in simple in the process of negotiation two parties take a specific stand, place arguments for it and continue making compromises where it is possible until a solution is achieved. The interaction may take place telephonically, face-to-face, via email or through the process of Video conferencing. According to Paveza, Estefan, and Corvin a communication which takes place back and forth and is designed to reach an agreement where there is dispute between the parties in relation to a particular interest is called negotiation[8]. The process has several advantages and disadvantages which need to be considered while choosing the process in relation to a particular dispute. The main advantages of negotiation are that unlike other process of dispute resolution it does not require any additional cost as compared to the other modes of dispute resolution. There is no need to pay fees to a mediator, an Arbitrator or a lawyer in relation to the process of mediation. In the process the parties can freely express their views to each other and come to a conclusion without the engaging and their person. The process ensures that there is no misunderstanding between the parties with respect to the dispute either there is a solution or there is no solution. As in this process the parties volunt arily agree to take a specific course of action the process becomes binding. However it is not always possible for the process to always yield a result. In various situations the process of negotiation fails to provide a comprehensive result and other methods like litigation and arbitration has to be taken. In the situation the conflict which has taken place between Sammy and Ben is related to dispute regarding money. They would not want to invest more money in relation to the process of dispute resolution. Therefore the process of negotiation would be best suited for their dispute as it involves no additional money. However the dispute may not be solved if the parties do not reach a compromise[9]. The process of mediation is another form of dispute resolution. In this process the dispute is solved through the help of a third person. It is one of the most flexible, useful and comprehensive tool in the process of conflict management. The process has been reinvented in the recent years as it is used increasingly for the purpose of managing conflicts in the commercial area. The role of the mediator in the process is to adopt a procedure through which the parties to the dispute can reach a acceptable solution. There are various methods which are deployed by the mediator in this process which include the facilitation of communication, determining the actual objective of the parties and proposing options to the parties with respect to the dispute. Other way in which the process takes place are evaluative mediation, transformative mediation, utilitarianism mediation, essential need mediation, social utility mediation, natural law mediation, resolution mediation, restorative mediation, justice mediation and interventionist mediation[10]. There are many advantages as well as disadvantages in relation to the process of mediation. Firstly the process if mediation does not require as much time to resolve a dispute as it is required by arbitration or litigation. In addition the cost involved in the process is significantly less and is feasible with respect to the services provided by the mediator for solving the dispute. It does not involve any additional charges and in the same way like negotiation the process helps the parties to the dispute come to a mutually agreed decision[11]. However the decision of the mediator is not binding on the parties and even where different useful methods have been used by the mediator to facilitate the parties towards a solution there may no solution reached by the parties. In these situations the process of mediation may not be much effective and litigation or arbitration may be required. In the given situation a mediator can assists Sammy and Ben come to a solution regarding the conflict they are in. he can facilitate better communication between the parties so that they are able to understand each other position in relation the dispute. They may require to pay a little amount to the mediator but the dispute is more likely to be resolved in a better way through the process. Form the above discussion it can be stated that there are various ways in which a conflict is created between parties. The reasons for disputes are mainly because of difference in opinion between the parties, miscommunication, the desire to gain power and access to financial resources. Conflicts are inevitable in the society and must not always be seen as a sin. Conflicts make people gain an increased experience towards how to handle a specific situation. There are various methods of conflict resolution. These methods have to be selected based on their nature of the dispute. In the given situation the best applicable methods are mediation and negotiation. The role of culture in conflict resolution is neglected by the conflict resolver unless there is conscious effort by the parties to the dispute. The medium through which conflict plays out is culture. A critical role is played by culture in the way through which a conflict is created. Culture also affects the course of conflict as well as influencing the method in which the parties to the conflict approaches to resolve it. While taking into consideration the impact of culture on conflict one must ensure that it is not overly relativistic or deterministic. In situation where the parties to a dispute do not have a common cultural background the resolution process is likely to be broken down. In this context common culture not only means language, race or nationality but also includes similarity in norms, meaning and behavior along with expectations and shared perceptions. Where expectations and perceptions are not common it results out in an increased destructive conflict rather than a resolution. It has been stated by Gudykunst Every communal conversation bears traces of culturally distinctive means of communicative conduct.[12] The purpose of this paper is to examine the significance of cross-cultural communication in the process of conflict resolution. The significance of culture in conflicts According to Moran mediation, negotiation and other methods for the purpose of resolving disputes are affected by cultural differences[13]. Individual culture is brought into by the parties to the dispute into a resolution process and the person who has the responsibility of solving the dispute do it through their own cultural perspective. The speeding up and effectiveness of the dispute resolution process can only be ensured if the parties as well as the dispute resolvers are able to understand each others cultures. Cultures are a part of every conflicts as conflicts are a result of relationship between humans. The way in which individuals blame, name, frame and try to tame the conflict is affected by culture. Whether there is a conflict or not is a question of culture. According to an interview conducted with a Chinese man it was provided by him that he did not witness any conflicts in his lifetime of 40 years. One of the possible reasons for his answers were a preference of cultur e according to which he saw the world through the eyes of harmony instead off dispute, which had been influenced by his Confucian upbringing[14]. Whether culture plays a sublet or gentle role or largely influences conflict it is also a part of the conflict. There is always a cultural component in any conflict which touches individuals where they hold their identities and meaning. Intractable conflicts like those which are taking place in India and Pakistan over Kashmir and Israeli and Palestinian are not only fueled by issues like boundary, sovereignty and territories but also through legitimization, representation and acknowledgment of various ways of living, identities and making meaning. Conflicts which take place between husband and wife are due to gender culture and which take place between parents and child are due to generational culture. Different disciplinary cultures give rise to conflicts in organizations. According to Fairclough culture cannot be extricated from conflicts although it is not the cause of conflict[15]. Different norms in relation to conflict behavior are derived through different cultures and which is acceptable in one culture may be a sin in the other. Different conflict styles are exhibited within the members of a same group[16]. In one culture raising voice by an individual would be taken as an action of aggression on the other hand the same act would be seen as a sign of truthfulness and genuineness in few other cultures[17]. In some cultures there is restrictions upon young parties to a dispute to argue with elders whereas few cultures depict ostensible, direct , linear and rational conflict style. Variables which exist in a cultural group can be used beneficially for the purpose of resolving conflicts. The variables are mostly helpful for the purpose of enhancing interactions between parties to the conflict. Individuals who depict a communication and conflict style within a group which are close to another rival group can be utilized in form of a bridge or natural translator to different cultures which the process of dispute resolution takes place[18]. A range of variables have been described by scholars who study the nature of conflict for the purpose of describing various cultural approaches in relation to a conflict. According to Moore and Woodrow (2010), there are eight primary variables namely, relationships, different views of outcome, cooperation and completion, space and time, communication, other parties and the overall objective of the negotiation process[19]. Five dimensions have been provided by Ang, Soon, and Linn Van Dyne for the purpose of understanding cultural difference. These include uncertainty avoidance, power distance, long/short term organization, individual/collectivist and masculine/feminine orientations[20]. Variables such as orientation with respect to human nature and nature, high and low context communications styles, social relations along with complexity of social identities among others. A few communication tools which are utilized for the purpose of understanding culture are Individualist and communitarian conceptions of self and other and High-context and low-context communication. A working definition of culture is useful as all these tools are used in service of understanding culture. There is no complete way which can provide the understanding of culture along with its connection with conflicts and communication. The two tools provide an idea about how the individuals belonging to different groups interpret their surroundings. They neither provide complete guidelines for with respect to each member of the group nor are they certain in nature as culture constantly evolves and changes the individuals as well as the environment around them[21]. Importance of cross cultural knowledge for effective dispute resolution The main role of the person who is responsible to resolve a dispute is to establish an understanding between the parties to the dispute. There are various ways which are adopted by such dispute resolver towards addressing the conflict between the parties. It has been discussed above that culture has a significant impact on the creation of dispute. Thus if dispute needs to be solved culture has to be provided with utmost importance. However not all studies of dispute resolution agree with such significant importance of culture in relation to dispute resolution process. According to Avruch culture may be treated as a cause of conflict however it cannot be treated as a main determinant to resolve a conflict[22]. Koppelman states that cross cultural awareness in the contemporary world is not only important but is essential and mandatory[23]. Managers in the organization require cross cultural knowledge to successfully manage the employees who belong to diverse cultural backgrounds. On th e other hand the process of dispute resolution may also be considered as a form of management. In the process of resolving dispute the role of the resolver is to manage the dispute by brining the parties to it to a mutual understanding. A dispute cannot come to an end unless both the parties agree to a resolution. A valid argument may be provided that cross cultural knowledge is not required in situation where both the parties to the dispute possess the same culture. However according to Warren culture is one of the most common causes of dispute and without cultural differences disputes may not occur[24]. Thus it can be stated that situations where culture is not a cause if dispute may exist however it does not supersede the fact that most of the conflicts are due to culture. Bochner defines cross cultural knowledge as having understandings about different cultures[25]. In the field of conflict resolution cross culture awareness means having the knowledge about the backgrounds, beliefs, customs and understandings in relation to the parties involved in the dispute. It has been provided by Kinloch, Patricia, and Joan that it is next to impossible to immediately influence the culture of an individual. In relation to the dispute resolution process the resolver has very limited time to interact the parties and it can be argued that such time would not be adequate to influence the culture of the parties[26]. However it must be noted that cross cultural awareness need not influence the cultures of the parties in a conflict what is required by such knowledge is to merely treat the parties based on the understandings bout them. This nature of conflict resolution makes the knowledge about cross cultures essential in the process. According to Prasad the most important tool which is required by a dispute resolver is comprehensive communication skills[27]. A dispute resolver would at no cost be able to resolve the dispute where he is not able to facilitate communication between the parties. In addition he needs to communicate his own understanding to the parties which he would be able to do without comprehensive communication skills. Behrens states that cultural awareness is the foundation of communication skills[28]. The concept of cultural awareness has become the primary component for effectively managing and preemptively resolving any dispute. Resolver who have intellectual knowledge are well equipped to carry out best practices strategies towards solving a dispute between the parties. These cultural awareness involves ethnicity, gender, religion, sexual orientation social economic backgrounds as well as international experiences. Increasing or infusing cultural awareness in the process of dispute resolutio n can help the resolver avoid liabilities such as misunderstandings related to culture. Enhanced cross cultural knowledge can help the resolver to ensure that they are able to minimize cultural tension during the process of resolving the conflict. The resolver who is solving the dispute may be able to create an apprehension that the parties to the dispute have a common culture by bringing out the common aspects of their cultures through his or her cross cultural awareness[29]. When the parties to the dispute are made to believe that there cultures between them are common a sense of mutuality occurs between them and they give increased effort towards solving the dispute. There are three aspects which are required to ensure that a conflict resolution process is successful, Firstly the necessity and desire for resolving the conflict, secondly, awareness about possible hurdles in the process of conflict resolution and choosing the method for solving the dispute. For the purpose of resolving cross cultural disputes and conflict it is the responsibility of the resolver to bridge the cultural gaps between the parties. According to Hester, Gladys and Aminda such resolvers must at the minimum have knowledge about self awareness of their own cultural practice which includes bias, stereotyping and prejudice along with knowledge about different cultural factors which contribute to cultural differences[30]. They must also be sensitive towards and appreciate different c ultures while having a good knowledge in relation to communication skills[31] Conclusion The fact that culture plays a significant part in the creation of conflict cannot be doubted at all. Cultural differences are one of the main reasons because of which a conflict is created. They may however be arguments that the relevance of culture in solving a dispute may not be as important as it is perceived. However as discussed in the paper, communication skills are the necessary for proper resolution of dispute and the basic of ion dispute resolution communication is cross cultural awareness. Thus it is necessary for all dispute resolvers to ensure that they have adequate knowledge cross cultures while they are attempting to resolve a dispute successfully. References Anderson, Barry, Les Swanson, and Sam Imperati. "Veils and Cloaks of Ignorance: Under-used Tools for Conflict Resolution."Ohio St. J. on Disp. Resol.30 (2014): 45. Ang, Soon, and Linn Van Dyne.Handbook of cultural intelligence. Routledge, 2015. Autesserre, Sverine.Peaceland: conflict resolution and the everyday politics of international intervention. Cambridge University Press, 2014. Avruch, Kevin, and Peter Black. "Conflict resolution in intercultural settings: Problems and prospects." (2014). Avruch, Kevin.Context and pretext in conflict resolution: Culture, identity, power, and practice. Routledge, 2015. Barsky, Allan.Conflict Resolution for the Helping Professions: Negotiation, Mediation, Advocacy, Facilitation, and Restorative Justice. Oxford University Press, 2016. Behrens, Martin, et al. "Systems for Conflict Resolution in Comparative Perspective." (2017). Bochner, Stephen, ed.Cultures in contact: Studies in cross-cultural interaction. Vol. 1. Elsevier, 2013. Brubaker, David, et al. "Conflict resolution in the workplace: What will the future bring?."Conflict Resolution Quarterly31.4 (2014): 357-386. Fairclough, Norman.Critical language awareness. Routledge, 2014. Fisher, Ronald J. "Third party consultation: A method for the study and resolution of conflict."Ronald J. Fisher: A North American Pioneer in Interactive Conflict Resolution. Springer International Publishing, 2016. 37-71. Fisher, Ronald J., Herbert C. Kelman, and Susan Allen Nan. "Conflict analysis and resolution." (2013). Fry, Douglas P., and Kaj Bjorkqvist, eds.Cultural variation in conflict resolution: Alternatives to violence. Psychology Press, 2013. Hester, Gladys M., and Aminda J. O'Hare. "AN ERP STUDY OF PRESENTATION DURATION AND EMOTION DURING CONFLICT RESOLUTION."PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY. Vol. 52. 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA: WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2015. Kinloch, Patricia, and Joan Metge.Talking past each other: problems of cross cultural communication. Victoria University Press, 2014. Koppelman, Kent L.Understanding human differences: Multicultural education for a diverse America. Pearson, 2016. Lynn, Mara. "Reconnecting Systems Maintenance with Social Justice: a Critical Role for Conflict Resolution." (2017). Mercer, Joey, et al. "How Important Is Conflict Detection to the Conflict Resolution Task?."Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation. Springer International Publishing, 2017. 103-115. Moran, Robert T., Neil Remington Abramson, and Sarah V. Moran.Managing cultural differences. Routledge, 2014. Morgan, W. John, and Alexandre Guilherme.Buber and education: Dialogue as conflict resolution. Routledge, 2013. Njoku, I. A. "The role of communication in conflict resolution."International Journal of Communication5.1 (2017). Paveza, G., L. Estefan, and Jaime Corvin. "Changes in Conflict Resolution Style over Time: The Risk for Persons with Alzheimer's Dementia."Journal of Aging Science(2014): 1-7. Pedersen, Paul B., et al., eds.Counseling across cultures. Sage, 2015. Pieterse, Jan Nederveen.Globalization and culture: Global mlange. Rowman Littlefield, 2015. Prasad, Rekha. "Cross-cultural communication."Educating Young Children: Learning and Teaching in the Early Childhood Years21.3 (2015): 21. Russett, Bruce. "A History of the Journal of Conflict Resolution."Journal of Conflict Resolution61.9 (2017): 1844-1852. Thomas, David C., and Mark F. Peterson.Cross-cultural management: Essential concepts. Sage Publications, 2017. Wallensteen, Peter.Understanding conflict resolution. Sage, 2015. Warren, Thomas L.Cross-cultural Communication: Perspectives in theory and practice. Routledge, 2017.

10 Must-Read Books for Fall 2015

Nothing like fall book releases to make you want to run out and buy the latest novels, curl up in an armchair with a cup of tea and settle down as the chill begins to set in. This fall has a wonderful mix of established and new authors offering forth their literary efforts to readers across the continent. Their books will take you around the world, spanning continents and, in some cases, centuries. Some wild adventures, somber mourning, political spoofs and love lost and found again will bring you into fall. Here are 10 picks for you to look forward to: 1. Purity. Jonathan Franzens much anticipated latest novel is a departure from his past works which focused on the American family. This one traces the journey of a political activist from East Germany and his American intern who follows him to Bolivia where they operate a media and government-watch organization. 2. The Japanese Lover. Isabel Allendes story that spans the globe from Poland to San Francisco, during WWII, this story tells the tale of political refugee Alma Belasco and her unlikely romance with the son of a Japanese gardener in her aunt and uncles house in San Francisco. Ichimei, the gardeners son, is sent away to a Japanese internment camp and they are never reunited but remain in each others thoughts over the course of their lives. Then Alma begins to receive gifts in her nursing home that are suspected to be from Ichimei. A story that interweaves politics, fate and passion. 3. Death by Water. Nobel Literature laureate Kenzaburo Oes new novel is a captivating mixture of Japanese folklore, memoir and meta-fiction. The plot features a celebrated writer whose father had drowned and whos grieving process included writing a book about it. The books first sentence sets up the story beautifully: â€Å"The year I went off to university in Tokyo, something fateful happened when I returned home to Shikoku for one in the last in a series of traditional Buddhist services for my father.† 4. The Heart Goes Last. It is as surreal as any of Margaret Atwoods previous novels with the plot centering on a social experiment which allows couple Charmaine and Stan to live in a luxurious suburban home in exchange for agreeing to live in a prison cell every two months. While theyre serving their time in prison, another couple lives in their home. Eventually, the connection between the couples leads to feelings of sexual attraction, guilt and paranoia. 5. Two Years, Eight Months and Twenty-Eight Nights. It is author Salman Rushdies modern take on Arabian Nights. With figures such as Henry James, Mel Brooks, Mickey Mouse and Aristotle, its an eclectic, comical and thoroughly entertaining tale. Weaving the forces of good and evil throughout the ages from 12th century Arabia to modern day New York, Rushdie travels through time and space to bring us this magical twist on a classic story. The first line he delivers sets you up for the ride: â€Å"Very little is known, though much has been written, about the true nature of the jinn, the creatures made of smokeless fire.† 6. M Train. Patti Smiths follow-up memoir to her celebrated Just Kids, M Train traces the singers artistic path through narratives that span 18 subway stations across New York City. In this new memoir, Smith takes us to the cafes where she used to drink black coffee and muses about her thoughts on other artists such as Frida Kahlo, Jean Genet and Sylvia Plath. She recounts the tragic 1994 death of her husband Fred Smith and its long-standing effect on her. 7. Fates and Furies. Lauren Groffs third novel is about the twenty year marriage of Lotto and Matthilde. Already garnering raves by Publishers Weekly and one of the most popular books on display at BookExpo America, Groffs novel about marriage, co-habitation, betrayal and heartache follows the arc of a long-term marriage. A comment on the beauty and hope of loving someone, as well as the tragic disappointments that sometimes come along with it. 8. The Story of My Teeth. National Book Foundation winner â€Å"Five Under 35†, Mexican writer Valeria Luiselli spins a mighty elaborate story of unparalleled traveling auctioneer Gustavo â€Å"Highway† Sanchez Sanchez. Set in Mexico City and following Sanchez Sanchez through more adventures than you could count, as well as racking up unusual talents such as imitating Janis Joplin and standing an egg upright on a table, the book gets its name from the fact that hes planning to replace his teeth. That and the fact that he happens to be in possession of a pair of dentures he swears belonged to Marilyn Monroe. Fun, wacky and defined by Granta as â€Å"delightfully unclassifiable†, reading this novel is an adventure in itself. 9. Numero Zero. Celebrated Italian writer Umberto Eco offers a fascinating conspiracy theory about Italys famous dictator Benito Mussolini. Moving back and forth from 1945 to 1992, the plot revolves around the idea that Mussolinis death may have been faked. The book features a love story between a ghost writer and a celebrity gossip writer who find a dead body in an alley in Milan. Theories begin to spin including the murder of Pope John Paul I, the Italian secret service and the CIA. The timing is right as 1992 marks the beginning of the truly tragi-comic era in Italian politics. 10. Man Tiger Beauty is a Wound. They are written by Eka Kurniawan and translated by Labodalih Sembiring and Annie Tucker respectively. Eka Kurniawan has broken onto the literary stage with stories that evoke the oral traditions of his home village in Indonesia. Man Tiger is the story of Margio, a young man who is also half white tiger. Beauty is a Wound is about a prostitute who rises from the dead as set forth in the first line; â€Å"One afternoon on a weekend in March, Dewi Ayu rose from her grave after being dead for twenty-one years.† Both books have earned enormous critical acclaim for their originality and scope of human suffering and spirit.

Tensile testing of metallic materials

Tensile testing of metallic materials Introduction When we refer to mechanical properties of materials, whatever crosses the mind is the stress-strain curve. Ideally, both shear stress (ÏÆ') and strain (ÃŽ µ) testing are inevitable when it comes to material testing. While shear stress testing correlates an elongation force to the cross sectional area of a material, tensile testing subjects a material sample to a controlled tensional force until the yield point where the material fails. The essence of performing these tests is that they aid in quality control, selection of a material meant for a specific application, and gives a glimpse of how a material would behave under varied forces. Importantly, the parameters obtained directly as a result of these tests are maximum elongation, definitive tensile strength and reduced cross-section area. In a nutshell, from aforementioned parameters one is in a better position to determine the Poisons ratio, Young’s modulus (Ε), strain-hardening, and yield strength charact eristics. Ideally, some of the parameters can easily be obtained from the graph of stress versus strain (stress-strain curve) graph as shown in the figure 1 below.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Tensile testing of metallic materials specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In simple terms, stress is the ratio of the elongation force to that of the cross sectional area whiles the stress is the ration of extension to that of the original length. From the graph (Fig. 1), one can obtain the Young modulus from the linear section of the curve by finding the gradient of the section (between 1 and 2). Analyzing the graph in details, it is important to note that point 1 is the true elastic limit which coincides with the minimum stress that emanates from dislocations due to material movements (Egarmo, Black, Kohser 2003). However, this parameter is hardly used in material science; nonetheless, it reflects a material’s chem ical properties. Between points 1 and 2, the material obeys the Hook’s Law. Between points 2 and 3, the material experiences elastic deformation. Finally, beyond point 3, the material is described as plastic since it has undergone permanent deformation and it rapture at point 5. It is worth noting that there are some other materials that have irregular linear sections. As such, an offset yield strength (point 4), 0.2% of the origin is plotted for the sake of material comparisons. Other parameters that can be obtained from the graph are shown in the figure 2 and 3 below: Advertising Looking for report on natural sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Basically, the tensile strength is the maximum stress while fracture stress is the stress at the fracture point. On the other hand, strain to fracture is the maximum strain at the point where the material fractures. Point 1 on figure 3 is the yield strength whil e sections A and B represent strain hardening and the necking region respectively. It is significant to note that the y-axis of the stress-strain graph represents the strength properties while the x-axis represents the ductility properties. As such, figures 1 and 3 represent the typical trends of brittle (e.g. concrete) and ductile (e.g. steel) materials respectively. Their respective behaviors are owed to the fact that brittle materials do not undergo strain hardening, consequently breaking without notice. In the literature that follows we are going to analyze a number of materials (carbon steels, aluminum, copper, perspex and LDPE (Low Density Polythene)) and classify them accordingly. The obtained data will then be compared to their actual properties in literature (Groover 2007). Background literature Material science is a multidisciplinary subject that incorporates both scientific and engineering aspects. To this end, it links the microscopic properties of a material at its mole cular level to its larger macroscopic properties. In a synopsis, it encompasses both chemistry and applied physics. This discipline is vital in many aspects of life, for instance, in aeronautical field, is significant in forensic engineering or failure analysis in case of an accident. Vitally, the physical properties exhibited by a material are a manifestation of the chemical composition, and the ensuing processes (thermal) that eventuated in the formation of a final product. Basically, the ensuing thermal processes determine a sample’s micro-structure and hence its physical properties. With regards to the scope of this report, we will limit our analysis to carbon steels, aluminum, copper, perspex and LDPE. Also known as carbon steel, steel is an alloy with the main trace element being carbon. The degree of carbon should; however, not be more than 2%. In essence, â€Å"the term carbon steel may be used to refer to steel that is not stainless steel† (Adelbert 1992). The degree of carbon concentration alters the physical properties of steel.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Tensile testing of metallic materials specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, with an increased carbon concentration steel becomes less ductile, hard and stronger, and reduces welding ability. Nevertheless, the melting point decreases. Basing on the â€Å"carbon concentration, steel can be classified into four categories: low and mild carbon steel, medium carbon steel, high carbon steel and ultra-high carbon steel† (Alexander Street1976). Low and mild carbon steel represent steel with the lowest carbon concentrations, and the most commonly used in market. Basically, for these types, the carbon concentration is less than 0.6%. Vitally, low carbon steel (or A36) has a carbon concentration of approximately 0.05-0.3% while the mild carbon steel (1040) exhibits a concentration of roughly 0.3-0.6%. As a consequence, this enhances the metal’s malleability and ductility characteristics. However, of the two, mild steel exhibits a relatively low tensile strength. Nonetheless, the tensile strength varies depending on the annealing temperatures and whether the metal is hot or cold rolled. To this end, A36 has a tensile strength of between 400-500 MPa while 1040 has roughly 520-590 MPa (Ashby David 1992). With a carbon content range of approximately 0.3-1.7% carbon steels can successfully undergo heat-treatment. These steels are referred to as high carbon steels and they include the medium, high and ultra-high carbon steels. Importantly, the trace elements are normally added to modify their properties. For instance, â€Å"sulfur makes steel crumbly and brittle at working temperatures† (Day 1988). Moreover, manganese often increases ‘hardenability’ of these steels. Narrowing down to the specifics, medium carbon steel has a carbon content of approximately 0.3-0. 59% by weight. As such, it balances strength and ductility, and it exhibits good wear resistance. As such, it is preferred in automotive industry. With a carbon content of approximately 0.6-0.99% (4140), high carbon steel exhibits relatively high strengths thus, it finds application in springs. Finally, ultra-high carbon steel (1-2% carbon content) exhibits unprecedented hardness vital in making axels and knives. Aluminum is among the world’s most abundant elements. As such, it accounts for 8.1% by weight of the total earth’s crust. Pure aluminum is a distinct metal that finds application in a diverse field. In essence, whatever makes aluminum distinct are its physical properties. Basically, â€Å"It is a soft, light, and gray metal that resists corrosion when pure in spite of its chemical activity because of a thin surface layer of oxide† (Bray 1947).Advertising Looking for report on natural sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, it exhibits both malleability and ductility characteristics that makes it unsuitable for structural use. Ideally, the Young’s modulus â€Å"of pure aluminum is 10 x 106 psi, the shear modulus 3.8 x 106 psi, Poissons ratio 0.33, and the ultimate tensile strength 10,000 psi, with 60% elongation† (Bray 1947). With these properties it finds application, for example, piping, cable sheathing and electric conductors. Copper is an important element that has been mined for ages. In most cases, it is obtained as a by-product in the extraction of silver. This metal appears as a yellowish-red element. It has good electrical conductivity and hence finds application in electric industry. Among the material properties is that it is ductile, malleable and tough. Chemically, it is resistant to rust. Basically, it has a modulus of elasticity that is equivalent to 117Gpa and a tensile strength of 200-400 Mpa. Perspex is a unique material that is distinguished by its clarity. It has unsurpassed light transmission ability. Moreover, it can come in a variety of shades. It exhibits durability in color retention irrespective of the condition that it is exposed to. Importantly, its mechanical properties are such that it is has a tensile strength of 75 MPa, has an elongation of 4% and modulus of 2.5 GPa. Finally, LDPE is the first ever synthesized polythene that was first processed in the year 1933. In appearance, they are translucent and thin in nature, and come in many shades. Notably, it has low crystallinity that is responsible for a low modulus of elasticity (200-400 MPa). Moreover, it is highly ductile in nature in spite of a low temperature condition. As such, it elongates by 600-650% before it breaks. Its tensile strength is between 8-10%. With these properties, it finds application in the package industries, laboratories (wash bottles) and also in electronics industries (insulating circuits). Experimental Procedure In this experiment, a tensile test mac hine (Zwick-Roell 1474) was used. The materials to be tested were steels (at 0.1 and 0.8% carbon content) (diameter = 5.04 mm, length = 12.5 mm), pure aluminum (diameter = 5.04 mm, lenght = 12.5 mm), copper 12 (diameter 5.04 mm), perspex (32 mm thick, 10.22 mm width and 110 mm long) and LDPE (32 mm thick and 9.98 mm width and 110 mm long). The parameters that were recorded include extension, force, stain and stress. From these parameters, graphs of force-extension, stress-strain, and the linear part of stress-strain were plotted. From the last graph, the values for modulus of elasticity were obtained and compared. Also, a bar graph comparing all the modulus was also plotted. Results The measured parameters are treated according to the formulae below: Stress = extension/original length = ∆l/l0 Stress = Force/cross sectional area = F/C.A The area A of a circle is given by á ´ ¨r2 while that of a rectangular face is obtained from the products of thickness and width. It should be noted that all the units are in SI units. The below trends were obtained from the parameters obtained. Discussion The objective of this report was to analyze the mechanical properties of a number of materials including carbon steels (0.1 and 0.8% carbon), aluminum, copper, perspex and LDPE. The aim was to compare their modulus of elasticity and confirm that they agree with the literature values. From the analysis, it was confirmed that the experiment achieved its objectives. To begin with, the trends of the curves exhibited the expected patterns. Like it was anticipated, low carbon steel (steel with 0.1% carbon) exhibited malleability properties attested by the presence of strain hardening section (Graph 2). On the other hand, steel with 0.8% carbon content exhibited a trend that is synonymous with the brittle materials (graph 4). This was no exception to aluminum which is brittle in nature, and as such, it fractures without notice. Just like the low carbon steel , both copper and LDPE exhibited strain hardening before fracture. To this end, they are both malleable and ductile. Contrary to the other materials, perspex exhibited a prolonged elastic behavior without deformation. However, it breaks abruptly once the elastic limit is exceeded. When we compare the modulus of elasticity, just like we anticipated, steel is the strongest of all the materials and this explains why it finds application in construction industry. On the other hand, LDPE is the weakest of all the materials, confirming why it finds application in the packaging industry. Generally, the values obtained for the modulus of elasticity did not tally with the expected values. This could be attributed to experimental errors in the course of the experiment. One of the errors might have emanated from imprecise measurements because of the degree of accuracy of the measuring equipment. Future experiments ought to consider the use of computerized machines to take accurate data. Refere nces Adelbert, P M 1992, Materials of Construction: Their Manufacture and Properties, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. Alexander, W Street A 1976, Metals in the Service of Man, 6th ed., Pelican Books, London. Ashby, M F David, J 1992, Chapter 12. Engineering Materials 2 (with corrections ed.). Oxford, Pergamon Press. Bray, JL 1947, Non-Ferrous Production Metallurgy, John Wiley Sons, New York. Day, J 1988, The Bristol Brass Industry: Furnaces and their associated remains, Journal of Historical Metallurgy, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 24. Egarmo, E, Black, J T Kohser, A 2003, Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.). John Wiley Sons, New York. Groover, M P 2007, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing: Materials, Processes and Systems (3rd ed), John Wiley Sons Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

COMPANY & INDUSTRY INFORMATION Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

COMPANY & INDUSTRY INFORMATION - Assignment Example was established when Frito Company merged with H. W. Lay Company in 1961. At the time of the Pepsi-Cola Company and Frito-Lay, Inc. merger, the main products of the combined company (presently known as PepsiCo, Inc.) were Pepsi-Cola, Diet Pepsi, Mountain Dew, Fritos brand corn chips, Lays brand potato chips, Cheetos brand cheese flavored snacks, Ruffles brand potato chips and Rold Gold brand pretzels. 1970s: PepsiCo became pretty dominant and posed a potent challenge to the Coca-Cola Company. The competition between the two behemoth popularly came to be known as the ‘the cola wars.’ PepsiCo launched ‘The Pepsi Challenge’, a groundbreaking international marketing strategy. Pepsi became the single largest-selling soft drink brand in American supermarkets. PAB manufactures and markets numerous popular brands including Pepsi-Cola, Mountain Dew, Gatorade, Tropicana Pure Premium, Propel, IZZE and Naked Juice. PAB also sells ready-to-drink teas and coffees through strategic alliances with Starbucks and Unilever. PepsiCo Americas Foods offers popular food and snacks to consumers throughout North and Latin America. The PepsiCo Americas Foods global business unit includes Frito-Lays North America, Quaker Foods North America and Latin America food and snack businesses. The popular food products sold by these divisions include Lay’s, Doritos, Ruffles, Gamesa, Quaker Oats and Sabritas. The PepsiCo Europe global business unit is responsible for selling the company’s beverage, food and snack brands in Europe and South Africa. The major brands sold in these regions include Pepsi, 7UP, Tropicana, Lays, Walkers, Cheetos and Ruffles. PepsiCo AMEA markets various beverages, snacks and food brands in Asia, Middle East & Africa (excluding South Africa). Pepsi, Mirinda, 7UP, Aquafina, Tropicana, Chipsy, Kurkure, Doritos, Cheetos and Smiths are some of the popular brand sold by the AMEA global business unit. PepsiCo is in the food and beverage business. The

Discuss the economic and social significance of interracial marriages Research Paper

Discuss the economic and social significance of interracial marriages and families - Research Paper Example In the opinion of Root â€Å"while hate, fear, and anger are common responses to interracial marriage and have powerful short-term affects, love has proved a formidable opponent† (Root, 1). However, the degree to which interracial marriages are affected by distinctions of values, habits, raising children, friends, in-laws etc are found to be greater than any other type of marriage (Interracial Marriages). As Roots (43) believes subtle difference between caste and class is enough for causing higher hostility between interracial partners than others. To illustrate, the couples of interracial marriages often share different ethical values which lead to disagreements and conflicts among them. The difference in eating habits and type of food consumed are found to be one of the major problems encountered by couples particularly in interracial marriages. In addition, they share different notions on the preparation methods and the way of consumption. Interracial couples encounter diss imilarities and unlike views in their outlook and gender roles. The western and non-western societies have distinct outlook on the role of women in family and society. The extent of liberty and freedom enjoyed by women also influences the relationship of interracial couples. When individuals of different societies with dissimilar races bind in the relationship of marriage, they often fail to play their roles effectively. The expectation of higher dignity and consideration from other races often persuade individuals to get into interracial relationships. But this over expectation and other moral disagreements restrict the success of interracial marriages. Thus gender role expectations significantly influence the decisions and actions of interracial couples (Interracial Marriages). The root cause for the problems out of interracial marriages is that it is not accepted and encouraged by the society. The society tends to classify people on their races and culture. As a result, interraci al couples usually encounter problems including lack of friends and well-wishers in the society. They tend to maintain less interaction with society or remain isolated from the society. The in-laws of interracial couples have different views on the lives of their children which also will directly influence the relationship of interracial couples. Most of the problems of interracial marriages start when it comes to the upbringing of children born to them. The method of child rearing differs from one race to the other. They often find trouble with choosing the best strategies for their children’s development. Furthermore, interracial marriages are found to have great impact on the lives of their multicultural children too. For instance, the children of interracial couple normally face discrimination and inequality in society and sometimes even at home. They face challenges on their racial identity; and often fail to categorize them into a particular group. Moreover, there may b e pressure from parental side to choose a particular identity while the child may wish to pursue the other one. In addition, there may also be a situation of agreement of child and parents for a particular racial identity but when the society may not accept it. Children get mentally disturbed and annoyed with unfairness and inequity at the school level. Racism becomes one of the key issues in the school environments. Children of interra

Yosemite National Park Essay Example for Free

Yosemite National Park Essay The Yosemite Valley is regarded by its visitors as one of the World’s greatest natural wonders. People were attracted to its crowding beautiful scenery all in one small area. These include the five domes, lakes and caverns, cliffs and mountains elevated form 13,000 up to 15,000 feet (Hittell 1868). Yosemite National Park is found in eastern parts of Tuolumne, Mariposa and Madera countries located in east central California, United States. Extending across the Sierra Nevada mountain chain, the park area was measured 3,081 square kilometers (Harris 1997). According to Hamilton and Hamilton (2006), majority of Yosemite is composed of Plutonic igneous rocks which forms underground when magma cools and solidifies slowly forming large crystals. Yosemite Park is composed of plutonic rocks including tonalite, quartz monzonite, granodiorite and granite which were loosely treated as granitic rocks. Gabbro, quartz diorite and diorite are plutonic rocks which cannot be technically recognized as granitic rocks. Minerals including potassium feldspar, biotite, hornblende, plagioclase feldspar and quartz constitute plutonic rocks. The texture and relative extent of quartz and feldspar largely differs in plutonic rocks. The formation of different bodies of individual plutonic rocks was due to the repetition of magma intrusions into host rocks beneath the Earth’s surface taking 130 million years ago. The plutonic rocks previously inside the Earth are already out at the surface due to deep erosion and elimination of the previously overlying rocks. Within Yosemite, only small amounts of volcanic igneous rocks were found. Beneath the surface, latite lava flows, basaly flows and latite tuff are found while obsidian, ash-flow tuff, rhyolite and pumice were found on the surface. Huber (1987) stated that on each side of the batholith of plutonic rocks, metamorphic rocks of two northwest-trending belts were found. He added that metamorphic rocks were formed from the alteration of sedimentary and volcanic rocks due to high pressure, cutting stress and temperature beneath the Earth’s crust. Volcanically originated rocks are called metavolcanic rocks while those with sedimentary origin are called metasedimentary rocks. As explained by Lawson (1921) from the Handbook of Yosemite National Park, Sierra Nevada belongs to the class of mountains of the Basin Range type. The Great Basin is a region being described as without drainage to the sea which lies between Wasatch and Sierra Nevada. The blocks which were found in this region of the Earth’s crust were broken and elongated in a north to south direction. The blocks under the wide valleys of the desert have been reclined and depress while the others was uplifted and composed the linear mountain ranges. Matthes (1930) indicated in his work that the characteristic, structure and history of the two mountain systems were known by certain rock formations. The fossil remains preserved in rocks indicate the approximate time of creation. 415,000,000 years ago covered by the Paleozoic era, accumulation of thickness of thousands of feet on the Pacific Ocean’s floor was caused by the outwashing of sediments from the continent. The sediments are then uplifted dry folded forming mountain ranges in the Permian Epoch of the Carboniferous Period of the same era. During the Mesozoic era, which was 40 million years ago, in the Triassic period, the mountains slowly faded to hills and land sunk below the sea depositing new sediments. During the Jurassic period, as the sea bottom sinks more sediments were laid down. Parallel northwestward-trending mountain ranges came from the folded and crumpled remains of the old and new sediments. The folds below were accumulated with molten granite. In the Cretaceous period which is 75 million years ago, gradual worn down of the mountain ranges and the region resulted to its reduction into lowland. Streams carried away masses of thousand feet thick granite and sedimentary rock uncovering wide areas. The region together is gradually upwarded to moderate heights. Due to volcanic burst, the land in the northern region was continually covered with mud, mash and rhyolitic lava. In the Oligocene period, Rhyolitic materials were worn away due to continuous erosion. During the Miocene period which was 12 million years ago, the northern half of the region was covered with succeeding flows of andesitic lava and mud due to the beginning of another volcanic eruption. Irregular minimal crust movement and volcanic eruption happened. After that is a period of stability. The lofty block range with steep eastern front of the Sierra Nevada was caused by the transformed forceful tilting with strong faulting movements along its eastern margin. Pleistocene epoch is known for the great ice age, it was characterized by repeated mantles of glaciers at the higher regions of the range. Twenty thousand years ago up to the present time, is considered as the postglacial time wherein the normal climatic conditions returned. According to Harris (1996), island arc of volcanoes that was located at the west coast of proto-North America was due to the generation of Farallon Plate subducting beneath the North American plate. When two tectonic plates move and meet toward each other one moving down into the mantle and one sliding beneath is called subduction. During the Jurassic era, volcanism intruded and covered the rocks and these rocks eventually eliminated by the process of uplifted-accelerated erosion. 210 million years ago up to 150 million years before today, regional plutonism occurred. Plutonism is the process wherein rocks are formed due to volcanic activity. Around the same period of time, Nevadan orogeny occurred. Orogeny is the process of natural mountain building through distinctive structural phenomena. The rocks formed were composed of mostly granite and below the ground measures 6 miles. Uplifting of the Sierra Nevada was due to the vertical movement along the fault. The difference of westerm-flowing streams promoted the uplift of Sierra Nevada. The streams ran faster quickly cutting the valleys. Creation of Owen’s valley was due to the development of major faults to the east. Sierra’s uplifting accelerated during the Pleistocene. Exfoliation occurred due to the pressure produce by the increased erosion and uplifting exposing the granitic rocks into the surface. Exfoliation is responsible for the rounded shape of many domes in Yosemite National Park. Harris (1996) also stated that about 2 to 3 million years ago, the region has been changed by glaciations. Sherwin, Tahoe, Tenaya and Tioga are the four glaciations which have taken place in Sierra Nevada. The largest glaciers produced are from the Sherwin glaciation while the other stages only form smaller ones. It was said to be the reason for the largely excavated and shaped of the Yosemite Valley. Figure 1. Geological Map of Yosemite National Park Source: http://geomaps. wr. usgs. gov/parks/yos/yosmap. html References Hamilton, Calvin. , and Hamilton, Rosanna. Yosemite National Park Rocks. 2006. 14 May 2008 http:// www. scienceviews. com/parks/yrocks. html. Harris, Ann. Geology of National Parks 5th edition. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co. , 1997. 2008 17 May 2008 http://people. uwec. edu/ERICKSKM/references. html. Hittell, John. Yosemite: Its Wonders and Its Beauties. 1868. 20 May 2008 http://www. yosemite. ca. us/library/yosemite its wonders and its beauties/general features. html Huber, N. King. The Geologic Story of Yosemite National Park. 1987. 17 May 2008 http://www. yosemite. ca. us/library/geologic_story_of_yosemite/rocks. html. Lawson, Andrew. Handbook of Yosemite National Park. 1921. 17 May 2008 http://www. yosemite. ca. us/library/Handbook_of_Yosemite_Nat’l_park/ Matthes, Francois. Geologic History of Yosemite Valley. 1930. US Geological Survey Proffesional Paper 160. 17 May 2008 http://www. nps. gov/history/history/online_books/geology/publications/pp/160/

Social Issued of America :: essays research papers

This past week I attended the play, â€Å"Revolution: A Song of Black Freedom† and I was very impressed on how it played out. The words of this play were written by Langston Hughes and Maya Angelou. This play displayed a lot of the different poems that were written by Maya Angelou and Langston Hughes. I thought it was a very good tribute to the lives of Langston Hughes and Maya Angelou. It showed how theiy used their gift of writing to help and encourage African American people back in mid 1900’s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This play was about an hour long and full of interesting poems by Langston Hughes and Maya Angelou. The poems that they recited went right along with each other. One poem led to another and so on. Some of the poems that were recited that were by Maya Angelou were, â€Å"The Heart Of a Woman,† â€Å"Gather Together In My Name,† â€Å"A Brave and Startling Truth,† and many more. Some of the famous poems that were recited and played out by Langston Hughes were â€Å"I Wonder as I Wander,† â€Å"The Ways of White Folks,† and â€Å"The Dream Keeper.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All of the actors recited and acted every poem out very well. Each actor had his or her own poem and they acted it out. The actors were Ina Houston, Shayla Jarvis, Charles Gardner, and Jessica East. Each actor seemed to have their own style or character in the play. Jessica East had on the tight, short shorts with a small tight shirt. I portrayed her as being a stuck up girl who was very interested in guys. She said most of the poems that were about how beautiful women were and how they should be portrayed in the eyes of men. She had somewhat of a sexy walk when she walked around the stage and she flirted with the only guy that was on stage. Ina Houston was a very interesting character. She was a very energetic person who ran, screamed, and jumped all over the theatre. She said most of the poems that needed to have a lot of emphasis on them. On one poem, she jumped up out of one of the chairs on stage, then she ran up the stairs in the audience screaming the poem, then ran across the back of the auditorium and back down to the stage. On another one of the poems that she recited, she got emotional because the poem was very toughing.

Counter-Productive Behavior Indexâ„¢

Counter-Productive Behavior Indexâ„ ¢ Every single day employees don't show for work, steal cash and inventory, surf the web, e-mail on company time, and disrupt the workplace. It is burning up billions of dollars of profits and inventory each and every year. The Counter-Productive Behavior Index (CBI) is a contemporary integrity test – a cost-effective screening procedure for identifying job applicants whose behavior, attitudes, and work-related values are likely to interfere with their success as employees. The CBI consists of an objective questionnaire with 140 true/false items that can be completed by the job applicant in about 15 minutes. CBI is a self-scoring assessment available in both English and Spanish. The candidate completes a questionnaire which is then scored within seconds by the hiring manager or assistant. A manager's interview question guide is available. (Free with the first purchase). NEW! An online version called Candid Clues is available too. Candid Clues generates an objective report addressing degree of potential concern about the six major areas identified below, a measure of overall or total concern, and an assessment of self-serving response bias. Counter-Productive Behavior Index is the most cost-effective pre-employment screening test to identify high-risk and disruptive work-related attitudes and behaviors: †¢Employee Dependability †¢Honesty †¢Substance Abuse †¢Computer Abuse †¢Workplace Aggression †¢Sexual Harassment CBI is the perfect solution for all size businesses. Saves time and money. How CBI Works The basic meaning of the scores are as follows: Dependability Concerns. Low scorers are dependable, conscientious, and reliable. High scorers can be undependable, careless, lazy, and disorganized. Aggression Concerns. Low scorers handle their feelings well and are unlikely to be disruptive. High scorers can be aggressive, hostile, disruptive, and have poor control of their anger. Substance Abuse Concerns. Low scorers have no problems with alcohol and/or illegal drugs. High scorers report substantial use of alcohol and/or illegal drugs and may be disruptive. Honesty Concerns. Low scorers have no problem with workplace dishonesty. High scorers have the potential for dishonest behavior in the workplace. Computer Abuse Concerns. Low scorers use their workplace computers only for work-related uses. High scorers use their computers in ways that are unrelated to their work activities or are disruptive to their work. Sexual Harassment Concerns. Low scores are unlikely to engage in sexual harassment at work. High scorers have attitudes and behaviors regarding sexuality that are likely to be considered as harassment by the opposite sex. Overall Concerns. Low scorers report few instances of workplace deviance. High scorers report a wide range of deviant behaviors in the workplace and are likely to be problematic employees. (The Overall Concerns score is included in order to help identify applicants whose individual scale scores might all fall below the cutting score for inclusion in the Concern category, but whose total score does identify them as worthy of special attention. It is important to note that high Overall scores still require a close examination of the six individual scale scores. ) Good Impression. Low scorers are open about acknowledging their normal faults and imperfections. High scorers deny normal shortcomings and exaggerate personal virtues, suggesting that their scores on the other scales may be artificially depressed by their efforts to make a good impression. Scores on this scale can be used to determine the degree of confidence that should be placed in the remainder of the profile.

Lion Facts Habitat, Behavior, Diet

Lions (Panthera leo) are the largest of all African cats. Once roaming most of Africa, as well as large parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Asia, today they are found in patches in Africa and one population on the Indian subcontinent. They are the second largest cat species in the world, smaller than only the tiger. Fast Facts: Lion Scientific Name: Panthera leoCommon Name: LionBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 5.5–8.5 feet longWeight: 330–550 poundsLifespan: 10–14 yearsDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: Groups in Africa, and IndiaPopulation: 23,000–39,000Conservation Status: Vulnerable Description About 73,000 years ago, ancient shifts in the African climate segregated the lions into small groups, and over time characteristics evolved to match the separate environments: some larger, some with larger manes or darker coats. The largest of these was the Barbary lion of North Africa, which measured some 27–30 feet long with a long, serpentine tail of 3.5 feet. Geneticists have identified two subspecies of lion: Panthera leo leo (found in India, North, Central, and West Africa) and P. l. melanochaita (in Eastern and Southern Africa). These lions have coats that range in color from nearly white to tawny yellow, ash brown, ochre, and deep orange-brown. They have a tuft of dark fur at the tip of their tail, are typically about 5.5–8.5 feet long and weigh between 330 and 550 pounds. Male and female lions exhibit sexual dimorphism: Female lions are smaller than males and have a uniformly colored coat of a tawny brown color. Females also lack a mane. Males have a thick, woolly mane of fur that frames their face and covers their neck. Lions closest living relatives are the Jaguars, followed by leopards and tigers. They have two recognized extinct ancestors, the American lion (Panthera atrox) and the cave lion (Panthera fossilis). Aprison Photography/Getty Images Habitat and Range Although they primarily are found in savanna areas, lions can be found everywhere in Africa, except the tropical rainforest and the interior of the Sahara desert. They live in habitats from sea level to the mountain slopes up to 13,700 feet, including Mt. Kilimanjaro. The dry deciduous Gir forest of northwest India contains a lion preserve known as the Gir National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary. Surrounding the sanctuary is an area inhabited by ethnic Maldharies pastoralists and their livestock. Diet Lions are carnivores, a subgroup of mammals that also includes animals such as bears, dogs, raccoons, mustelids, civets, hyenas, and the aardwolf. Lion prey preference is for medium to large ungulates like gemsbok and other antelopes, buffalo, giraffes, zebras, and wildebeest; however, they will eat almost any animal, from rodents to rhinoceros. They avoid animals with sharp horns (like sable antelope), or animals smart enough to graze in large herds (like elands). Warthogs are smaller than lion typical preferences, but since they are common in the savannas, they are common parts of lion diets. In India, lions eat domestic cattle when available, but mostly consume wild Chital deer. Lions drink water when available, but otherwise, get required moisture from their prey or from plants like tsamma melons in the Kalahari desert. Behavior Lions live in densities between 1.5 to 55 adult animals per 38.6 square miles (1 square kilometer). They are social creatures and live in groups of about four to six adults called prides. Prides typically include two males and three or four females and their offspring; the adults leave the pride to hunt in pairs or singly. Prides in India tend to be smaller in size, with two females. Lions play-fight as a means of honing their hunting skills. When they play-fight, they dont bare their teeth and keep their claws retracted so as to not inflict injury on their partner. Play-fighting is a training and practice exercise, to assist in efficiency in tackling prey and to establish relationships among the pride members. It is during play that lions work out which members of the pride are to chase and corner their quarry and which members of the pride are the ones to go in for a kill. Reproduction and Offspring Lions reproduce sexually. They mate year-round, but breeding usually peaks during the rainy season. Their gestation lasts between 110 and 119 days. A litter usually consists of between one and six lion cubs, the average is between 2–3. Newborn cubs are born weighing between 27–56 ounces.  They are blind and deaf at first: their eyes and ears open within the first two weeks. Lion cubs begin to hunt at 5–6 months and stay with their mothers until they are between 18 months and 3 years. Females reach sexual maturity at 4 years and males at 5 years. Luxy Images/Getty Images Evolutionary History Today there are less than 40,000 lions on our planet, but lions were much more common and widespread in the past: They disappeared from Europe during the first century CE, and from the Middle East and most of Asia by 1950. Modern cats first appeared about 10.8 million years ago. Lions, along with jaguars, leopards, tigers, snow leopards, and clouded leopards, split off from all other cat lineages early in the evolution of the cat family and today form what is known as the Panthera lineage. Lions shared a common ancestor with jaguars which lived about 810,000 years ago. Conservation Status The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies all subspecies of the lion as vulnerable, and in 2013, the ECOS Environmental Conservation Online System in the United States classified P.l. leo as endangered, and P.l. melanochaita  as threatened. Threats Major threats to lions include habitat and prey loss resulting from a growing human population and climate change, as well as invasive species, agricultural effluents, diseases like canine distemper, and human retaliation for lion attacks. Illegal hunting and poaching for medicinal purposes and trophies have also impacted lion populations. Legal sport hunting is considered a useful management tool, providing needed income at sanctuary facilities if it is conducted at a sustainable offtake of about one male lion per 775 square miles. Levels higher than that have been documented in several countries in Africa as detrimental to the overall lion populations. Sources Bauer, H. et al. Panthera leo (errata version published in 2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T15951A115130419, 2016Bauer, H., and S. Van Der Merwe. Inventory of Free-Ranging Lions Panthera Leo in Africa. Oryx 38.1 (2004): 26-31. Print.Evans, Sara. When the Last Lion Roars: The Rise and Fall of the King of the Beasts. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018.Hayward, Matt W., and Graham I. H. Kerley. Prey Preferences of the Lion (Panthera Leo). Journal of Zoology 267.3 (2005): 309–22. Print.Riggio, Jason, et al. The Size of Savannah Africa: A Lion’s (Panthera Leo) View. Biodiversity and Conservation 22.1 (2013): 17–35. Print.Singh, H.S. The Gir Lion: Panthera Leo-persica: a Natural History, Conservation Status, and Future Prospect. Gujarat, India: Pugmark Qmulus Consortium, 2007.Species Profile for Lion (Panthera leo ssp. leo). ECOS Environmental Conservation Online System. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2016.Species Profile for Lion (Panthera leo ssp. melanochaita). ECOS Environmental Conservation Online System. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2016.